Madroño
Calycophyllum candidissimum

Native Region
Mexico to Central America
Max Height
15-25 meters
Family
Rubiaceae
Conservation
LC
Uses
Distribution in Costa Rica
Legend
Elevation
0-800m
Regions
- Guanacaste
- Puntarenas
- Alajuela
- San José
Season
Flowering
Apr-Jun
Fruiting
Jul-Sep
Madroño (Lemonwood)
The Madroño (Calycophyllum candidissimum), known in English as Lemonwood or Degame, creates one of Central America's most breathtaking natural spectacles. During the dry season, when most trees stand bare or subdued, the Madroño explodes into bloom, covering itself so completely with tiny white flowers that the entire tree appears to be dusted with snow. This stunning display has earned it the affection of peoples throughout its range—Nicaragua has even chosen it as their national tree. In Costa Rica's Guanacaste region, the flowering Madroño is an unforgettable sight, standing bright white against the brown dry forest backdrop like a beacon of beauty.
Quick Reference
- Scientific Name
- Calycophyllum candidissimum
- Family
- Rubiaceae
- Maximum Height
- 15-25 m
- Trunk Diameter
- Up to 60 cm
- Conservation
- Least Concern
- Key Trait
- Spectacular white flowering
iNaturalist Observations
Community-powered species data
2000
Observations
186
Observers
📸 Photo Gallery
Photos sourced from the iNaturalist citizen science database. View all observations →↗
Taxonomy and Classification
- Calycophyllum: From Greek "kalyx" (cup) + "phyllon" (leaf) - calyx-like leaves - candidissimum: Latin for "most white" - referring to the flowers
- Rubiaceae: The coffee family! - English name "Lemonwood" refers to the yellowish wood
Common Names
| Language/Region | Common Name(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Spanish (CR) | Madroño | Standard local name |
| Spanish (Nicaragua) | Madroño | National tree of Nicaragua |
| English | Lemonwood, Degame | Timber trade names |
| Spanish (Mexico) | Palo María | Mexican name |
| Commercial | Lancewood | Sometimes used in trade |
Related Species in Costa Rica
| Species | Common Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Calycophyllum spruceanum | Capirona | Amazon basin species |
| Genipa americana | Jagua | Same family, different genus |
| Hamelia patens | Coralillo | Same family, shrub |
| Coffea arabica | Coffee | Same family (Rubiaceae) |
Physical Description
General Form
The Madroño is a medium-sized tree with a rounded to irregular crown. Its smooth, grayish bark and relatively small leaves give way during flowering season to an explosion of white that completely transforms the tree's appearance.
Identification Features
Bark and Trunk
- Bark color: Grayish to light brown
- Texture: Smooth to slightly fissured
- Pattern: May peel in thin strips
- Trunk: Usually single, straight
- Inner bark: Yellowish (hence "lemonwood")
Leaves
- Type: Simple, opposite
- Shape: Elliptic to oblong
- Size: 6-15 cm long
- Texture: Leathery, glossy
- Color: Dark green above, paler below
- Margin: Entire (smooth edge)
Flowers
- Size: Small (5-8 mm)
- Color: Pure white
- Arrangement: Dense terminal clusters
- Fragrance: Sweet, honey-like
- Timing: Dry season (January-April)
- Coverage: COMPLETE - entire crown white!
Fruit
- Type: Small capsule
- Size: 5-8 mm
- Seeds: Tiny, wind-dispersed
- Timing: Following flowering
- Appearance: Inconspicuous
The Madroño's flowering is one of nature's great shows in the dry forest: What Happens: - Tree drops many leaves - Flower buds develop at branch tips - Thousands of tiny white flowers open simultaneously - Entire crown becomes WHITE The Effect: - Visible from great distances - Appears snow-covered - Glows in sunlight - Stunning against brown dry forest Timing (Costa Rica): - Usually February-April - Peak of dry season - Lasts 2-4 weeks - Visit Guanacaste to see it! Why It Works: - Pollinators easily find tree - Massive display attracts bees - Coordinates flowering for outcrossing - Energy invested all at once
Distribution and Habitat
Global Distribution
Geographic Distribution
Distribution in Costa Rica
| Province | Abundance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Guanacaste | Common | Prime dry forest habitat |
| Puntarenas (north) | Common | Nicoya Peninsula |
| Alajuela (west) | Present | Drier areas |
| San José | Rare | Only driest edges |
| Central Valley | Absent | Too wet |
| Limón | Absent | Too wet |
| Cartago | Absent | Too wet/cold |
Habitat Preferences
- Elevation: Sea level to 1,000 m
- Climate: Tropical dry forest, seasonal
- Precipitation: 1,000-2,000 mm/year with dry season
- Habitat: Deciduous forest, secondary growth
- Light: Full sun to partial shade
- Soil: Various, tolerates poor soils
- Key requirement: Distinct dry season for flowering
Cultural Significance
National Tree of Nicaragua
The Madroño holds special cultural status in Central America: Nicaraguan National Symbol: - Official national tree of Nicaragua - Represents the country's natural beauty - Celebrated in poetry and art - Symbol of resilience in dry conditions Why the Madroño?: - Spectacular native beauty - Thrives in Nicaraguan dry forests - Provides practical benefits (wood, shade) - Blooms during national celebrations In Costa Rica: - Beloved dry forest icon - Featured in nature tourism - Guanacaste cultural identity - Agricultural/ranch heritage connection Traditional Meanings: - Purity (white flowers) - Hope (blooming in harsh season) - Beauty in adversity
Ecological Importance
Wildlife Value
Pollinators
- Bees: Primary pollinators
- Butterflies: Visit flowers
- Moths: Some nocturnal pollination
- Honey production: Excellent source
Habitat
- Dry forest ecosystem: Key component
- Secondary forest: Pioneer species
- Birds: Nesting sites in crown
Ecological Services
- Dry season flowers: Critical nectar source
- Soil stabilization: Deep root system
- Shade: Livestock and wildlife
- Carbon storage: Long-lived trees
The Madroño provides critical resources when little else blooms: Why This Matters: - Dry season = few flowers available - Many bees, butterflies need nectar - Madroño provides massive resource - Timing fills a crucial gap For Beekeepers: - Excellent honey tree - "Madroño honey" is prized - Light colored, mild flavor - Monofloral honey possible For Wildlife: - Energy for dry season survival - Supports pollinator populations - Cascading ecosystem benefits The Madroño is a dry season lifeline for the pollinator community of the tropical dry forest.
Uses
Timber
| Use | Description | Quality |
|---|---|---|
| Tool handles | Axes, machetes, hammers | Excellent - very durable |
| Construction | Structural elements | Good strength |
| Posts | Fence posts, poles | Naturally durable |
| Furniture | Specialty items | Beautiful grain |
| Turnery | Turned objects | Works well on lathe |
| Carving | Traditional crafts | Fine detail possible |
Wood Properties
| Property | Characteristic | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Density | Very high (850-900 kg/m³) | Sinks in water |
| Hardness | Extremely hard | Difficult to work |
| Durability | Excellent | Resists rot, insects |
| Color | Yellowish (lemonwood) | Attractive appearance |
| Grain | Fine, interlocked | Takes polish well |
| Workability | Difficult - very hard | Requires sharp tools |
Other Uses
| Use | Application | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ornamental | Parks, gardens | Spectacular flowering |
| Shade tree | Pastures, patios | Traditional use |
| Honey production | Beekeeping | High-quality honey |
| Medicine | Bark infusion | Traditional remedies |
| Living fences | Rural boundaries | Can be propagated from posts |
| Firewood | Fuel | Burns hot, long-lasting |
Cultivation
Growing Madroño
Identification Guide
How to Identify Madroño
Primary Identifiers:
- Complete white flowering (dry season)
- Smooth grayish bark
- Opposite, leathery leaves
- Dry forest habitat
- Yellowish inner bark (when scratched)
Supporting Features:
- Medium-sized tree
- Rounded crown
- Coffee family member
- Guanacaste/dry forest region
Where to See Madroño in Costa Rica
| Location | Context | Best Viewing |
|---|---|---|
| Santa Rosa National Park | Protected dry forest | February-April flowering |
| Palo Verde National Park | Dry forest reserve | Dry season blooms |
| Guanacaste roadsides | Rural landscapes | Throughout province |
| Nicoya Peninsula | Dry forest areas | Dry season |
| Monteverde lower areas | Transition zones | Drier western slopes |
To witness the Madroño's legendary white display: Best Time: - February to April - Peak of dry season - After hottest days Best Places: - Santa Rosa National Park - Guanacaste Province roadsides - Palo Verde National Park - Rural areas of Nicoya What to Look For: - Bright white crowns visible from distance - Trees that appear "snowy" - Strong sweet fragrance nearby - Clouds of bees visiting Photography Tips: - Early morning/late afternoon light - Blue sky background ideal - Individual trees or landscapes - Include dry forest context This is one of Costa Rica's great natural spectacles— don't miss it if you're in Guanacaste during dry season!
External Resources
Community observations and photos
International Tropical Timber Organization
References
📚 Scientific References & Further Reading
Janzen, D.H. (1983). Costa Rican Natural History. University of Chicago Press
Francis, J.K. (1991). Calycophyllum candidissimum - Madroño. USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet
In the heart of the dry season, when Guanacaste's forests stand brown and dusty under the relentless sun, the Madroño catches fire— not with flame, but with flowers. Thousands upon thousands of tiny white blossoms open simultaneously, transforming each tree into a beacon of pure white against the parched landscape. It's a sight that stops travelers in their tracks, that draws photographers from around the world, that has earned this tree the honor of being Nicaragua's national symbol. The sweetness of the flowers fills the air as bees work frantically to gather the precious nectar, one of the only abundant food sources in this harsh season. This is the Madroño's genius—to bloom when no one else can, to offer abundance when all around is scarcity, to make beauty from adversity. Its wood is among the hardest and most durable in Central America, fitting for a tree that has learned to thrive where others merely survive. To see a Madroño in full bloom is to understand something profound about timing, about strategy, about the spectacular ways that nature has evolved to fill every niche and season.



