Guaba
Inga edulis

Native Region
Tropical Americas
Max Height
15-30 meters
Family
Fabaceae
Conservation
LC
Uses
Distribution in Costa Rica
Legend
Elevation
0-1800m
Regions
- Limón
- Alajuela
- Heredia
- San José
- Cartago
- Puntarenas
- Guanacaste
Season
Flowering
Mar-May
Fruiting
Jun-Sep
Guaba (Ice Cream Bean)
The Guaba or Ice Cream Bean (Inga edulis) is a tropical treasure—a tree that gives generously in every way. Its long, twisted pods contain sweet, cotton-like pulp that children throughout Latin America have enjoyed for millennia. But the Guaba's gifts go far deeper: as a legume, it captures nitrogen from the air and deposits it in the soil, enriching farmland with every fallen leaf. This combination of delicious fruit and ecological service has made it one of the most important trees in tropical agroforestry, providing shade for coffee and cacao plantations while improving soil fertility for free. In Costa Rica, the Guaba is as common in backyards as in the forest, beloved by all ages.
Quick Reference
- Scientific Name
- Inga edulis
- Family
- Fabaceae (Legume Family)
- Max Height
- 15-30 m
- Trunk Diameter
- Up to 60 cm
- Conservation
- Least Concern
- Key Feature
- Sweet edible pods; fixes nitrogen
iNaturalist Observations
Community-powered species data
3000
Observations
186
Observers
📸 Photo Gallery
Photos sourced from iNaturalist community science database. View all observations →↗
Taxonomy and Classification
- Inga: From the Tupi indigenous name for these trees - edulis: Latin for "edible" - Guaba/Guama: Indigenous Mesoamerican names - Ice Cream Bean: English name for the sweet, fluffy pulp
Common Names
| Language/Region | Common Name(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| English | Ice Cream Bean | Describes the texture/taste |
| Spanish | Guaba, Guamo, Guama | Regional variation |
| Portuguese | Ingá | From indigenous name |
| Costa Rica | Guaba | Standard local name |
| Peru | Pacay, Pacae | Quechua origin |
| Colombia | Guamo | Common name |
The Inga Genus
One of Many Relatives
Inga is a large genus with over 300 species in the American tropics: - Many species produce edible fruit - All are nitrogen-fixers - Many used in agroforestry - Identification between species can be difficult In Costa Rica, several Inga species are called "guaba" or "cuajiniquil." Inga edulis is the most widely cultivated for its exceptional fruit.
Physical Description
Overall Form
The Guaba is a medium-sized, fast-growing evergreen tree with a broad, spreading crown. It develops a short trunk that often branches low, creating a wide, umbrella-like canopy ideal for shade. The tree is remarkably adaptable, growing in a wide range of soils and conditions.
Distinctive Features
Leaves
- Type: Pinnately compound
- Leaflets: 4-6 pairs, large
- Size: Leaflets 8-15 cm each
- Feature: Winged rachis (distinctive!)
- Color: Bright to dark green
- Texture: Slightly hairy
Bark
- Color: Gray to brown
- Texture: Smooth to slightly rough
- Pattern: Lenticels visible
- Feature: Thin, not deeply furrowed
The Famous Pods
- Shape: Long, cylindrical, twisted
- Length: 30-100 cm (sometimes longer!)
- Width: 3-4 cm diameter
- Color: Green, turning dark when ripe
- Interior: Black seeds in white pulp
- Pulp: Sweet, cotton-like texture
Flowers
- Type: Brush-like (mimosoid)
- Color: White to greenish
- Size: Showy clusters
- Stamens: Many, long, conspicuous
- Fragrance: Sweet, attracts pollinators
- Nectar: Abundant (hummingbirds!)
The name "Ice Cream Bean" perfectly describes the eating experience: The Pulp: - Surrounds each large, black seed - Pure white and cotton-like - Sweet, vanilla-like flavor - Texture similar to cotton candy - Melts in your mouth How to Eat: - Twist and open the pod - Pull out seeds with pulp attached - Suck the pulp off each seed - Discard the seeds It's a perfect natural snack—sweet, satisfying, and fun to eat!
Distribution and Habitat
Native Range
Geographic Distribution
Distribution in Costa Rica
| Province | Abundance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| San José | Common | Cultivated and wild |
| Alajuela | Very Common | Coffee regions |
| Heredia | Very Common | Shade tree in farms |
| Cartago | Common | Mid-elevations |
| Puntarenas | Common | Both coasts |
| Limón | Common | Caribbean lowlands |
| Guanacaste | Present | Less common (drier) |
Habitat Preferences
- Elevation: Sea level to 2,000 m
- Climate: Humid tropical to subtropical
- Rainfall: 1,500-3,000 mm/year
- Temperature: 18-28°C
- Soil: Wide tolerance (thrives in poor soils)
- Light: Full sun to partial shade
- Humidity: Prefers humid conditions
Ecological Importance
The Nitrogen-Fixing Superpower
Feeding the Soil
Like other legumes, Guaba has a superpower: nitrogen fixation. How It Works: - Root nodules contain Rhizobium bacteria - Bacteria convert atmospheric N₂ to ammonia - Tree gets nitrogen; soil gets enriched - No synthetic fertilizer needed! Contribution: - Deposits 50-200 kg N/ha/year in leaf litter - Improves soil for surrounding crops - Reduces need for chemical fertilizers - Builds soil organic matter This is why Guaba is essential in agroforestry systems—it literally feeds the soil while providing shade and fruit!
Wildlife Value
Fruit Consumers
- Monkeys: Major consumers
- Bats: Fruit bats love Guaba
- Parrots and Parakeets: Important food
- Toucans: Regular visitors
- Agoutis: Eat fallen pods
- Many other birds: Attracted to fruit
Other Wildlife Services
- Nectar for hummingbirds: Flowers visited
- Bee pasture: Important nectar source
- Nesting sites: Broad branches
- Shade habitat: Understory conditions
- Connectivity: Wildlife corridors
Uses and Applications
The Delicious Fruit
Throughout Latin America, Guaba pods are a favorite snack: Traditional Consumption: - Eaten fresh, directly from pod - Popular with children - Shared socially - Seasonal treat Commercial Products (limited): - Fresh pods sold at markets - Some artisanal products - Potential for more development Nutritional Value: - Good source of fiber - Contains vitamin C
- Natural sugars for energy - Low calories The main "product" is simply fresh pods eaten out of hand!
Agroforestry Champion
The Perfect Shade Tree
Guaba is one of the most important trees in tropical agroforestry: For Coffee Plantations: - Provides dappled shade (coffee prefers some shade) - Fixes nitrogen (reduces fertilizer needs) - Deep roots don't compete with coffee - Fast-growing for quick establishment - Pruning provides mulch/firewood For Cacao: - Similar shade benefits - Traditional in cacao systems - Improves soil continuously For General Farming: - Living fence material - Improved fallow species - Alley cropping systems - Erosion control "Café bajo sombra de guaba" (coffee under guaba shade) is a model sustainable system practiced throughout Central America.
Other Uses
| Use | Application | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Firewood | Cooking, heating | Good quality, fast-growing |
| Timber | Light construction | Not highly valued |
| Medicine | Traditional remedies | Bark, leaves used |
| Honey | Bee forage | Good nectar source |
| Fodder | Animal feed | Leaves for livestock |
| Pulp/Paper | Fiber source | Potential use |
Cultivation
Growing Guaba
Cultural Significance
In Costa Rica
The Guaba in Costa Rican culture: - Childhood Memory: Eating guaba is a cherished memory - Family Trees: Often planted in home gardens - Market Staple: Fresh pods sold at farmers' markets - Rural Life: Associated with countryside living - Shade Tradition: Long used in coffee farming For many Ticos, the sweet taste of guaba pods evokes memories of grandparents' farms, childhood adventures, and simpler times.
Across Latin America
- Peru: "Pacay" is extremely popular
- Colombia: Essential shade tree and fruit
- Brazil: Part of indigenous and rural traditions
- Ecuador: Common market fruit
Identification Guide
How to Identify Guaba
Year-Round Identifiers:
- Pinnate leaves with winged rachis (key feature!)
- Broad, spreading crown
- Smooth grayish bark
- Medium size (rarely over 25m)
- Legume family characteristics
Seasonal Identifiers:
- Long, twisted green pods (spectacular!)
- White brush-like flowers
- Pods can be up to 1 meter long
Where to See Guaba in Costa Rica
| Location | Context | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Coffee farms (Central Valley) | Shade tree | Integrated in plantations |
| Farmers' markets | Fruit vendor | Fresh pods in season |
| Rural homesteads | Backyard tree | Nearly universal |
| Biological reserves | Forest edge | Wild specimens |
| Universidad de Costa Rica | Campus trees | Easily accessible |
Guaba produces fruit throughout the year, but peak seasons vary: Best for Fresh Pods: - Central Valley: Various peaks - Check local markets year-round
- Ask locals for timing Best for Flowers: - Spectacular white blossoms - Attract hummingbirds and bees - Often after rains A coffee farm tour is a great way to see Guaba in its agroforestry context while learning about sustainable farming!
Conservation and Sustainability
A Sustainable Superstars
Model for Sustainable Agriculture
Guaba exemplifies sustainable tropical farming: Environmental Benefits: - Reduces fertilizer dependency - Sequesters carbon - Protects soil from erosion
- Supports biodiversity Economic Benefits: - Low-cost soil improvement - Multiple products (fruit, wood, fodder) - Compatible with cash crops - Climate resilience Social Benefits: - Traditional knowledge preserved - Food security - Cultural continuity - Local economy support Promoting Guaba in agroforestry is a win-win-win for environment, economy, and community.
External Resources
Community observations and photos
Research and resources
Tropical agricultural research
References
📚 Scientific References & Further Reading
Pennington, T.D. (1997). The Genus Inga: Botany. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Leon, J. (1987). Botánica de los Cultivos Tropicales. IICA, Costa Rica
Hands, M.R. (1998). The uses of Inga in the acid soils of the rainforest zone. The Genus Inga, Royal Botanic Gardens
Few trees give as generously as the Guaba. There's the obvious gift— those long, twisted pods filled with sweet, cotton-like pulp that children across Latin America have enjoyed for thousands of years. But beneath the soil, invisible to us, the Guaba works its true magic: converting nitrogen from the air into a form that enriches the earth, making it one of nature's most effective soil improvers. This combination of delicious fruit and ecological service has made the Guaba indispensable in sustainable farming systems throughout the tropics. In Costa Rica, where the Guaba shades countless coffee plants while providing snacks for farmers' children, this remarkable tree demonstrates that human cultivation and ecological health can work hand in hand. Every pod of Guaba is a reminder that the best solutions are often the ones nature already provides.



