Guácimo
Guazuma ulmifolia

Native Region
Mexico to South America, Caribbean
Max Height
15-25 meters
Family
Malvaceae
Conservation
LC
Uses
Distribution in Costa Rica
Legend
Elevation
0-1200m
Regions
- Guanacaste
- Puntarenas
- Alajuela
- San José
- Limón
- Heredia
Season
Flowering
Feb-Apr
Fruiting
Apr-Jun
Guácimo
Guácimo (Guazuma ulmifolia), known as Bay Cedar or West Indian Elm, is one of the most useful and adaptable trees in Costa Rica's tropical lowlands. This fast-growing species is recognized by its distinctive warty, sweet-tasting fruits that are relished by cattle, horses, and wildlife alike. Found along roadsides, in pastures, and at forest edges from sea level to over 1,200 meters, Guácimo is a true generalist that thrives where other trees struggle. Its importance in traditional farming systems, folk medicine, and as wildlife habitat makes it one of the most ecologically and culturally significant trees in rural Costa Rica.
Quick Reference
- Scientific Name
- Guazuma ulmifolia
- Family
- Malvaceae (Mallow Family)
- Maximum Height
- 15-25 m
- Trunk Diameter
- Up to 80 cm
- Conservation
- Least Concern
- Key Feature
- Warty, sweet fruits; elm-like leaves
iNaturalist Observations
Community-powered species data
8000
Observations
186
Observers
📸 Photo Gallery
Photos sourced from the iNaturalist citizen science database. View all observations →↗
Taxonomy and Classification
- Guazuma: From the indigenous Nahuatl name "cuauhzuma" - ulmifolia: Latin "ulmus" (elm) + "folia" (leaves) - elm-like leaves - Family Malvaceae includes hibiscus, cacao, balsa - Only species in its genus commonly found in Costa Rica
Common Names
| Language/Region | Common Name(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Spanish (CR) | Guácimo | Standard name |
| Spanish | Guácimo de ternero | Calf guácimo - livestock feed |
| Spanish | Caulote | Regional (Guatemala, Mexico) |
| English | Bay Cedar | Trade name |
| English | West Indian Elm | Leaf resemblance |
| English | Bastard Cedar | Caribbean |
Related Species in Costa Rica
| Species | Common Name | Habitat |
|---|---|---|
| Guazuma crinita | Guácimo Colorado | Wet forests |
| Luehea seemannii | Guácimo Molenillo | Various forests |
| Apeiba tibourbou | Peine de Mico (related) | Wet forests |
| Theobroma cacao | Cacao (same family) | Cultivated |
Physical Description
Overall Form
Guácimo is a medium-sized tree with a short trunk and a broad, spreading crown. It often branches low, creating an umbrella-like shape ideal for shade. The tree is semi-deciduous, losing leaves briefly in the dry season in drier areas but remaining evergreen in wetter zones.
Identifying Features
The Distinctive Fruits
- Shape: Oval to round
- Size: 2-3.5 cm
- Surface: Covered in warty bumps!
- Color: Green → Black when ripe
- Interior: Honeycombed, with mucilaginous pulp
- Taste: Sweet, pleasant
- Timing: Dry season mainly
Bark
- Color: Gray-brown
- Texture: Fissured, fibrous
- Inner bark: Very fibrous, can be stripped
- Use: Traditional cordage
Leaves
- Arrangement: Alternate, simple
- Shape: Ovate, elm-like
- Size: 6-15 cm long
- Margin: Serrated (toothed)
- Base: Often asymmetric
- Texture: Slightly rough above
- Note: Resemble elm leaves closely
Flowers
- Size: Small (5-7 mm)
- Color: Yellow to cream
- Arrangement: Clusters (cymes)
- Fragrance: Sweetly scented
- Timing: Throughout year, peak rainy season
The fruits of Guácimo are unmistakable: Appearance: - Covered in rough, warty protuberances - Like a small, bumpy ball - Unique texture in Costa Rican flora When Ripe: - Turn from green to dark brown/black - Become slightly soft - Sweet smell attracts animals Interior: - Divided into chambers (honeycombed) - Sweet, mucilaginous pulp - Many small seeds If you see these distinctive warty balls on or under a tree, you've found a Guácimo!
Distribution and Habitat
Global Distribution
Geographic Distribution
Distribution in Costa Rica
| Province | Abundance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Guanacaste | Very Common | Ubiquitous in pastures |
| Puntarenas | Very Common | Pacific lowlands |
| Alajuela | Common | Northern lowlands to foothills |
| San José | Common | Valley and lower slopes |
| Heredia | Common | Lower elevations |
| Limón | Common | Caribbean lowlands |
| Cartago | Present | Lower elevations only |
Habitat Preferences
- Elevation: Sea level to 1,200 m (occasionally higher)
- Climate: Tropical dry to wet
- Rainfall: 800-3,500 mm/year
- Habitat: Pastures, roadsides, forest edges, disturbed areas
- Light: Full sun to partial shade
- Soil: Highly adaptable, tolerates poor soils
- Disturbance: Thrives in degraded areas
Ecological Role
Wildlife Magnet
Fruit Consumers
- Cattle and horses: Love the sweet fruits
- White-tailed deer: Major consumer
- Peccaries: Eat fallen fruit
- Agoutis and pacas: Cache and eat
- Parrots: Consume fruit and seeds
- Monkeys: Feed on fruits
- Bats: Disperse seeds
Other Ecological Functions
- Shade provider: Critical in pastures
- Nitrogen-fixing ally: Associates with N-fixing trees
- Pioneer species: Colonizes degraded land
- Honey production: Important bee forage
- Habitat structure: Low branches for wildlife
Guácimo is one of the most important trees in silvopasture— the practice of combining trees with livestock grazing: Benefits for Livestock: - Shade: Reduces heat stress dramatically - Fodder: Fruits are excellent feed supplement - Leaves: Also eaten by cattle when low - Improved weight gain: Shaded cattle gain faster Benefits for Farmers: - Free feed: Fruit production valuable - Low management: Tree largely self-sufficient - Soil improvement: Leaf litter adds nutrients - Biodiversity: Supports other beneficial species Why Guácimo Works: - Fast-growing - Tolerates browsing - Deep roots don't compete heavily with grass - Deciduous period minimizes shade when cool This is why Guácimo is deliberately kept in pastures throughout Costa Rica—it's a win-win for farmers and environment!
Uses and Products
Agricultural Applications
| Use | Part | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Livestock fodder | Fruits | High energy, protein; fattening feed |
| Fodder supplement | Leaves | Browsed when available |
| Shade tree | Whole tree | Essential in pastures |
| Living fence | Whole tree | Fast establishment |
| Bee forage | Flowers | Produces good honey |
| Soil improvement | Leaf litter | Adds organic matter |
Traditional Medicine
Folk Remedies
Guácimo has a long history of medicinal use in Costa Rica and throughout its range: Traditional Applications: - Bark decoction: Diarrhea, dysentery
- Leaf infusion: Fever, liver problems - Fruit: Digestive issues, diabetes - Root bark: Skin conditions Preparation Methods: - Bark boiled in water - Leaves as tea - Fruit eaten directly Scientific Interest: - Antimicrobial compounds identified - Anti-inflammatory activity studied - Potential anti-diabetic properties Caution: Traditional use doesn't guarantee safety or efficacy. Consult healthcare providers for medical treatment.
Fiber and Crafts
Guácimo bark is remarkably fibrous: Traditional Uses: - Rope and cordage - Strapping and ties - Basket weaving (framework) - Emergency repairs Harvesting: - Strip bark in long sections - Best from young branches - Dry before use - Very strong when processed This made Guácimo valuable before synthetic materials— and still useful for sustainable alternatives today.
Cultivation
Growing Guácimo
Identification Guide
How to Identify Guácimo
Primary Identifiers:
- Warty, bumpy fruits (most diagnostic!)
- Elm-like serrated leaves
- Spreading, umbrella-shaped crown
- Pasture/roadside habitat
Supporting Features:
- Medium-sized tree
- Fibrous, fissured bark
- Yellow flowers in clusters
- Asymmetric leaf bases
Where to See Guácimo in Costa Rica
| Location | Context | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Any Guanacaste pasture | Agricultural land | Ubiquitous |
| Central Valley roadsides | Rural areas | Very common |
| Palo Verde area | Dry forest margin | Natural setting |
| Sarapiquí region | Farm edges | Common |
| Caribbean lowlands | Rural communities | Present |
Guácimo is one of the easiest trees to find: Where to Look: - Almost any pasture in lowlands - Roadsides throughout country - Village plazas and parks
- Forest edges Identification Tips: - Look for the distinctive warty fruits - Check the elm-like serrated leaves - Note the spreading, shade-providing crown Best Time: - Dry season: Fruits abundant (great ID)
- Rainy season: Flowers present This tree is SO common that finding it is less about where to look and more about noticing what's already all around you!
The Malvaceae: A Family of Surprises
Guácimo belongs to the Malvaceae (Mallow Family), which includes some surprising relatives: Costa Rican Family Members: - Hibiscus: The ornamental flower - Cacao (Theobroma): Source of chocolate - Balsa (Ochroma): Lightest commercial wood - Ceiba: The giant kapok tree - Cotton (Gossypium): Fiber crop Common Traits: - Often have mucilaginous (slimy) sap - Flowers typically with 5 petals - Many species with fibrous bark - Frequently have star-shaped hairs Guácimo's Place: - Not as famous as cacao or ceiba - But possibly more useful day-to-day - Perfect example of "humble but valuable"
External Resources
Community observations and photos
Uses and cultivation information
Research on silvopastoral systems
References
📚 Scientific References & Further Reading
Janzen, D.H. (1991). Historia Natural de Costa Rica. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica
CATIE (2003). Árboles de Centroamérica. CATIE/OFI
Ibrahim, M. et al. (2007). Silvopastoral systems for climate change mitigation. Advances in Agroforestry
In the heat of a Guanacaste afternoon, as cattle cluster beneath the spreading branches of a Guácimo, you're witnessing one of tropical agriculture's most elegant solutions. This tree asks for nothing—no irrigation, no fertilizer, no special care—and gives so much in return: shade that improves livestock health and productivity, sweet fruits that fatten cattle for free, flowers that support bees, and habitat for countless other species. The Guácimo won't win any beauty contests; its warty fruits look strange, its branches are often gnarled, and it's so common that people barely notice it. But try to imagine Costa Rica's rural landscape without it: hotter pastures, hungrier cattle, less wildlife, fewer bees. This humble tree, descended from the same family that gave us chocolate and balsa wood, is a quiet ecological hero—a reminder that the most valuable species aren't always the rarest or most beautiful, but sometimes the most common and giving. Next time you see cattle resting in the shade of a Guácimo, munching on fallen fruits while birds call from its branches, take a moment to appreciate this unsung champion of sustainable tropical land use.



